Alcance para Colombia de la declaración de la World Society of Emergency Surgery 2022 sobre el entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia / Scope for Colombia of the World Society of Emergency Surgery 2022 declaration on training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery

Introducción. El currículo para la formación del cirujano general exige precisión, ajuste al contexto y factibilidad. En 2022, la World Society of Emergency Surgery formuló cinco declaraciones sobre el entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia que puede contribuir a estos propósitos. El objetivo del presente artículo fue examinar el alcance de estas declaraciones para la educación quirúrgica en Colombia. Métodos. Se analizó desde una posición crítica y reflexiva el alcance y limitaciones para Colombia de cada una de las declaraciones de la World Society of Emergency Surgery, con base en la evidencia empírica publicada durante las últimas dos décadas en revistas indexadas nacionales e internacionales. Resultados. La evidencia empírica producida en Colombia durante el presente siglo permite identificar que el país cuenta con fundamentos del currículo nacional en cirugía general, formulado por la División de Educación de la Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía en 2021; un sistema de acreditación de la educación superior; un modelo de aseguramiento universal en salud; infraestructura tecnológica y condiciones institucionales que pueden facilitar la adopción exitosa de dichas declaraciones para el entrenamiento de los futuros cirujanos en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia. No obstante, su implementación requiere esfuerzos mayores e inversión en materia de simulación quirúrgica, cooperación institucional y fortalecimiento del sistema de recertificación profesional. Conclusión. La educación quirúrgica colombiana está en capacidad de cumplir con las declaraciones de la World Society of Emergency Surgery en materia de entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia.

Introduction. The general surgeon training curriculum requires precision, contextual fit, and feasibility. In 2022, the World Society of Emergency Surgery formulated five statements on training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery, which can contribute to these purposes. This article examines the scope of these declarations for surgical education in Colombia. Methods. The scope and limitations for Colombia of each of the statements of the World Society of Emergency Surgery were analysed from a critical and reflective position, based on empirical evidence published during the last two decades in national and international indexed journals. Results. The empirical evidence produced in Colombia during this century allows us to identify that the country has the foundations of the national curriculum in general surgery, formulated by the Education Division of the Colombian Association of Surgery in 2021; a higher education accreditation system; a universal health insurance model; technological infrastructure, and institutional conditions that can facilitate the successful adoption of said statements for the training of future surgeons in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery. However, its implementation requires greater efforts and investment in surgical simulation, institutional cooperation, and strengthening of the professional recertification system. Conclusion. Colombian surgical education is able to comply with the declarations of the World Society of Emergency Surgery regarding training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery.

Proteína C reactiva y su progresión en el tiempo para la detección de las fugas anastomóticas / C-reactive protein and its progression over time for the detection of anastomotic leaks

Introducción. Las fugas anastomóticas son una complicación común y crítica en cirugía gastrointestinal, por lo que su identificación y tratamiento temprano son necesarios para evitar resultados adversos. El uso convencional con un valor límite de la proteína C reactiva ha demostrado una utilidad limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilidad de la medición seriada de la proteína C reactiva en la detección de fugas anastomóticas. Métodos. Revisión prospectiva de base de datos retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal mayor con al menos una anastomosis intestinal. Se midió la proteína C reactiva al tercer y quinto día posoperatorio. Las complicaciones se categorizaron según la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. La precisión diagnóstica fue evaluada por el área bajo la curva. Resultados. Se incluyeron 157 pacientes, el 52 % mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 63,7 años. El mayor número de cirugías correspondió a gastrectomía (36,3 %), resección anterior de recto (15,3 %) y hemicolectomía derecha (13,4 %). El 25,5 % tuvieron alguna complicación postoperatoria y el 32,5 % (n=13) presentaron fuga en la anastomosis. El aumento de la proteína C reactiva tuvo un área bajo la curva de 0,918 con un punto de corte de aumento en 1,3 mg/L, sensibilidad de 92,3 % (IC95% 78 ­ 100) y una especificidad de 92,4 % (IC95% 88 ­ 96). Conclusiones. El aumento de 1,3 mg/L en la proteína C reactiva entre el día de la cirugía y el quinto día fue un predictor preciso de fugas anastomóticas en pacientes con cirugía abdominal mayor

Introduction. Anastomotic leaks are a common and critical complication in gastrointestinal surgery. Their identification and early treatment are necessary to avoid adverse results, and conventional use with a cutoff value of C-reactive protein has shown limited utility. The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of serial measurement of C-reactive protein in the detection of anastomotic leaks. Methods. Prospective review of a retrospective database of patients undergoing major abdominal surgery with at least one intestinal anastomosis. C-reactive protein was measured on the third and fifth postoperative days. Complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by the area under the curve.Results. 157 patients were included, 52% were females. The average age was 63.7 years. The largest number of surgeries corresponded to gastrectomies (36.3%), anterior resection of the rectum (15.3%) and right hemicolectomies (13.4%). 25.5% had some postoperative complication and 32.5% (n=13) had anastomosis leaks. The increase in C-reactive protein had an area under the curve of 0.918 with an increase cut-off point of 1.3 mg/L, sensitivity of 92.3% (95% CI 78-100) and specificity of 92.4%. (95% CI 88-96). Conclusions. The 1.3 mg/L increase in C-reactive protein between the day of surgery and the fifth day was an accurate predictor of anastomotic leaks in patients with major abdominal surgery

O uso da transfusão sanguínea autóloga na cirurgia do aparelho digestivo: uma revisão de literatura / The use of autologous blood transfusion in digestive tract surgery: a literature review

ABSTRACT Background: The use of autologous blood transfusion in digestive tract surgeries, whether after preoperative blood collection or intraoperative blood salvage, is an alternative to allogeneic blood, which brings with it certain risks and shortage, due to the lack of donors. Studies have shown lower mortality and longer survival associated with autologous blood, however the theoretical possibility of spreading metastatic disease is still one of the limiting factors of its use. Objective: To evaluate the application of autologous transfusion in digestive tract surgeries, noting the benefits, damages and effects on the spread of metastatic disease. Methods: This is an integrative review of the literature available in the PubMed, Virtual Health Library and SciELO databases, by searching for "Autologous Blood Transfusion AND Gastrointestinal Surgical Procedures". Observational and experimental studies and guidelines published in the last five years in Portuguese, English or Spanish were included. Results: Not all patients benefit from blood collection before elective procedures, with the time of surgery and hemoglobin levels some of the factors that may indicate the need for preoperative storage. Regarding the intraoperative salvaged blood, it was observed that there is no increased risk of tumor recurrence, but the importance of using leukocyte filters and blood irradiation is highlighted. There was no consensus among the studies whether there is a maintenance or reduction of complication rates compared to allogeneic blood. The cost related to the use of autologous blood may be higher, and the less stringent selection criteria prevent it from being added to the general donation pool. Conclusion: There were no objective and concordant answers among the studies, but the strong evidence of less recurrence of digestive tumors, the possibility of changes in morbidity and mortality, and the reduction of costs with patients suggest that the practice of autologous blood transfusion should be encouraged in digestive tract surgeries. It is necessary to note if the deleterious effects would stand out amidst the possible benefits to the patient and to health care systems.

RESUMO Contexto: O emprego da transfusão sanguínea autóloga nas cirurgias do aparelho digestivo, seja através da coleta de sangue no pré-operatório ou da recuperação de sangue no intraoperatório, é uma alternativa ao sangue alogênico, que traz consigo determinados riscos e a escassez, pela falta de doadores. Estudos têm demonstrado menor mortalidade e maior sobrevida associadas ao sangue autólogo, no entanto a possibilidade teórica de propagação de doença metastática ainda é um dos fatores limitantes do seu uso. Objetivo: Avaliar a aplicação da transfusão autóloga em cirurgias do aparelho digestivo, observando os benefícios, prejuízos e efeitos sobre a propagação de doenças metastáticas. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura disponível nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e SciELO, através da busca por "Autologous Blood Transfusion AND Gastrointestinal Surgical Procedures". Foram incluídos estudos observacionais e experimentais e guidelines publicados nos últimos 5 anos, nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: Nem todos os pacientes beneficiam-se da coleta de sangue antes de procedimentos eletivos, sendo o tempo de cirurgia e os níveis de hemoglobina alguns dos fatores que podem indicar a necessidade do armazenamento pré-operatório. Em relação ao sangue recuperado no intraoperatório, observou-se que não há maior risco de recorrência de tumores, mas destaca-se a importância do uso de filtros leucocitários e irradiação sanguínea. Não houve consenso entre os estudos se há uma manutenção ou redução das taxas de complicação, em comparação com o sangue alogênico. O custo relacionado ao uso de sangue autólogo pode ser maior, além de os critérios de seleção menos rigorosos impedirem que seja adicionado ao pool geral de doações. Conclusão: Não houve respostas objetivas e concordantes entre os estudos, mas os fortes indícios da menor recorrência de tumores digestivos, a possibilidade de alterações na morbimortalidade e a redução dos custos com os pacientes sugerem que a prática da transfusão sanguínea autóloga seja fomentada nas cirurgias do aparelho digestivo. É necessário observar se os efeitos deletérios se destacariam em meio aos possíveis benefícios ao paciente e aos sistemas de saúde.

Antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia adominal: quando recomendar? Posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva / Antibiotic prophylaxis for abdominal surgery: when to recommend? brazilian college of digestive surgery position paper

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is an essential component of perioperative care. The use of prophylactic regimens of antibiotics is a well-established practice that is encouraged to be implemented in preoperative/perioperative protocols in order to prevent surgical site infections. AIMS: The aim of this study was to emphasize the crucial aspects of antibiotic prophylaxis in abdominal surgery. RESULTS: Antibiotic prophylaxis is defined as the administration of antibiotics before contamination occurs, given with the intention of preventing infection by achieving tissue levels of antibiotics above the minimum inhibitory concentration at the time of surgical incision. It is indicated for clean operations with prosthetic materials or in cases where severe consequences may arise in the event of an infection. It is also suitable for all clean-contaminated and contaminated operations. The spectrum of action is determined by the pathogens present at the surgical site. Ideally, a single intravenous bolus dose should be administered within 60 min before the surgical incision. An additional dose should be given in case of hemorrhage or prolonged surgery, according to the half-life of the drug. Factors such as the patient's weight, history of allergies, and the likelihood of colonization by resistant bacteria should be considered. Compliance with institutional protocols enhances the effectiveness of antibiotic use. CONCLUSION: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with reduced rates of surgical site infection, hospital stay, and morbimortality.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A antibioticoprofilaxia é um componente importante dos cuidados perioperatórios. OBJETIVOS: Abordar os principais aspectos da antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia digestiva. RESULTADOS: Ela é definida como a redução da carga de bactérias no sítio operatório através da obtenção de níveis séricos de antibiótico acima da concentração inibitória mínima no momento da incisão cirúrgica. Está indicada em cirurgias limpas com próteses e nas quais a consequência de uma eventual infecção seja grave, bem como em todas as cirurgias limpas-contaminadas e contaminadas. O espectro de ação do antibiótico deve ser de acordo com a flora esperada no sítio cirúrgico e deve ser administrado 60 minutos antes da incisão, em bolus, por via endovenosa e preferencialmente em dose única. Nos casos de hemorragia importante ou cirurgias mais longas, uma nova dose pode ser administrada. O peso do paciente, a história de alergia a medicamentos e a possibilidade de colonização por bactérias multirresistentes devem ser levados em conta. A aderência a protocolos institucionais aumenta a chance de uso adequado da antibioticoprofilaxia. CONCLUSÕES: A antibioticoprofilaxia está associada à redução das taxas de infecção do sítio cirúrgico, tempo de internação e morbidade.

The experience on trocar layout method for robotic "3+2" mode gastrointestinal surgery / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:Based on experience of robotic gastrointestinal surgery at the Department of General Surgery, Clinical Medicine Center of Gansu Provincial Hospital, this study explored the principles and methods of trocar layout for robotic "3+2" mode gastrointestinal surgery, suitable for beginners.Methods:From Apr 2017 to Oct 2022, the robotic gastrointestinal surgery team of Gansu Provincial Hospital completed 998 cases of robotic "3+2" mode gastrointestinal surgery, including 600 cases of gastric cancer, 100 cases of rectal cancer, 98 cases of descending colon and sigmoid colon cancer, 20 cases of transverse colon cancer, and 180 cases of right colon cancer. Through the continuous optimization and improvement of the problems encountered during the operation, combined with the operator's experience, and taking into account various aspects, we developed the robotic "3+2" mode trocar layout for gastrointestinal surgery.Results:Four principles of trocar layout were developed, namely, the principle of lens placement around the navel, the principle of symmetry in the main operation, the principle of 8-10cm distance between trocar holes, and the principle of symmetry in the auxiliary hole lens. Three trocar layout methods and principles applicable to robotic gastric surgery, and four applicable to robotic colorectal surgery were developed.Conclusion:The trocar layout method of robotic "3+2" mode gastrointestinal surgery is established based on a large number of robotic gastrointestinal surgery experiences. This method is simple and easy to learn, with strong repeatability and operability.

Gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea: perfil epidemiológico, indicações e complicações / Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: epidemiological profile, indications, and complications

Introdução: A Gastrostomia Endoscópica Percutânea (GEP) é um procedimento de acesso à luz gástrica, descrito inicialmente em 1980, constituindo um grande avanço no manejo de pacientes com necessidade de nutrição enteral prolongada. Apresenta utilização em um largo espectro de doenças, em diversas faixas etárias e com baixo índice de complicações, sendo, portanto, uma ferramenta importante no cuidado aos pacientes. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes submetidos à GEP, as indicações, os índices e tipos de complicações durante e após o procedimento. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, realizado por meio da coleta de laudos endoscópicos e em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes atendidos em hospital terciário. Resultados: Foram incluídos 172 pacientes, com média de 69,9 anos (±16,6), maioria do sexo feminino (51,7%) e procedentes do município onde o estudo foi realizado (56,7%). A principal doença de base foi acidente vascular encefálico do tipo isquêmico (27,3%), seguido de outras doenças cérebro-vasculares, demenciais e neoplásicas. O tempo médio de uso prévio de sonda nasoentérica (SNE) foi de 32,2 dias (±45), sendo em 29,3% acima de 30 dias. Drogas antitrombóticas durante a internação foram usadas em 78,5% dos pacientes, tendo 45,9% realizado a GEP em vigência destas medicações. O índice de complicações intraoperatórias foi de 3,4% e o de pós-operatórias, de 3,5%. Conclusão: Destaca-se o tempo de uso prévio de SNE, maior do que o recomendado, e, principalmente, a presença de medicação antitrombótica durante o procedimento em boa parte da amostra. Os índices de complicações foram baixos, de modo semelhante à literatura.

Introduction: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure to access the gastric lumen and was initially described in 1980, representing a major advance in the management of patients requiring prolonged enteral nutrition. It is used in a large number of diseases, in several age groups with low complication rates, thus being an important tool in patient care. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing PEG, its indications, and rates and types of complications during and after the procedure. Method: Retrospective, cohort study conducted through the collection of endoscopic reports and electronic medical records of patients seen in a tertiary hospital. Results: A total of 172 patients were included, with mean age of 69.9 years (±16.6), with a predominance of female patients (51.7%) and of those coming from the municipality where the study was conducted (56.7%). The main underlying disease was ischemic stroke (27.3%), followed by other cerebrovascular diseases, dementias, and neoplasms. Mean time of previous use of nasoenteric tube (NET) was 32.2 days (±45), being greater than 30 days in 29.3% of the cases. Antithrombotic drugs were used during hospitalization in 78.5% of patients, and 45.9% underwent PEG while they were using these medications. The rates of intra-operative and post-operative complications were 3.4% and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusions: It is worth noting the time of previous use of NET, which was greater than the recommended, and especially the use of antithrombotic therapy during the procedure by most of the sample. Rates of complication were low, in line with the literature.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: outcomes of the past decade in a reference institution in southern brazil / Tumor estromal gastrointestinal (gist): resultados da última década em uma instituição de referência no sul do brasil

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the digestive tract and has a wide variation in biological behavior; surgical resection remains the main form of treatment. AIM: This study aimed to analyze clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients with GIST in a reference institution for oncological diseases. METHODS: An observational, longitudinal, and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with GIST from January 2011 to January 2020 was carried out by analyzing epidemiological and clinical variables, staging, surgical resection, recurrence, use of imatinib, and curves of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: A total of 38 patients were included. The majority (58%) of patients were males and the median age was 62 years. The primary organs that were affected by this tumor were stomach (63%) and small intestine (17%). Notably, 24% of patients had metastatic disease at diagnosis; 76% of patients received surgical treatment and 13% received neoadjuvant treatment; and 47% of patients received imatinib as adjuvant or palliative therapy. Tumor recurrence was 13%, being more common in the liver. The 5-year OS was 72.5% and DFS was 47.1%. The operated ones had better OS (87.1% vs. 18.5%) and DFS (57.1% vs. 14.3%) in 5 years. Tumor size ≥5 cm had no difference in OS at 5 years, but DFS was 24.6%, when compared with 92.3% of smaller tumors. Patients who were undergoing neoadjuvant therapy and/or using imatinib did not show any significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment with adequate margins allows the best gain in survival, and the use of imatinib in more advanced cases has prognostic equity with less advanced-stage tumors. Treatment of metastatic tumors seems promising, requiring further studies.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: O Tumor estromal gastrointestinal (Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - GIST) é a neoplasia mesenquimal mais comum do trato digestivo, possui comportamento biológico variado e a principal forma de tratamento é a ressecção cirúrgica. OBJETIVO: analisar as características clínico-patológicas e a sobrevida de pacientes com GIST em uma instituição de referência para doenças oncológicas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, longitudinal e retrospectivo de pacientes com diagnóstico de GIST de janeiro de 2011 a janeiro de 2020, analisando variáveis epidemiológicas e clínicas, estadiamento, ressecção cirúrgica, recidiva, uso de imatinibe e curvas de sobrevida global (SG) e sobrevida livre de doença (SLD). RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 38 pacientes, a maioria (58%) do sexo masculino, idade mediana de 62 anos. Os principais órgãos primários foram estômago (63%) e intestino delgado (17%). 24% tinham doença metastática ao diagnóstico. 76% receberam tratamento cirúrgico e 13% tratamento neoadjuvante. 47% dos pacientes receberam Imatinib como terapia adjuvante ou paliativa. A recorrência tumoral foi de 13%, mais comum no fígado. SG de 5 anos foi de 72,5% e SLD 47,1%. Os operados tiveram melhor SG (87,1% vs. 18,5%) e SLD (57,1% vs. 14,3%) em 5 anos. O tamanho do tumor igual ou maior que 5 cm não teve diferença na SG em 5 anos, mas SLD foi de 24,6%, em comparação com 92,3% dos tumores menores. Pacientes em terapia neoadjuvante e/ou em uso de imatinibe não apresentaram diferenças significativas. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento cirúrgico com margens adequadas permite o melhor ganho de sobrevida, e o uso de Imatinibe em casos mais avançados tem equidade prognóstica com tumores em estágio menos avançado. O tratamento de tumores metastáticos parece promissor, necessitando de mais estudos.

Retinal vascular occlusions after nonocular surgeries / Oclusões vasculares retinianas após cirurgias não oculares

ABSTRACT Ophthalmologic complications of nonocular surgeries are rare events, but can lead to irreversible conditions of low visual acuity. They are often associated with spine, heart and neck surgery, however they can occur after procedures on other systems. The main local causes are ischemic optic neuropathies, vascular occlusions, cortical lesions, and acute angle-closure glaucoma. We report two cases of sudden low visual acuity secondary to vascular occlusions after gastrointestinal procedures. In the first case, a 57-year-old patient electively admitted for colon reconstruction after Hartmann's colostomy, progressed with intra- and postoperative complications and required subsequent complementary surgeries. Once month later he presented with sudden bilateral low visual acuity, painless and non-altitudinal, and was diagnosed as papillophlebitis, which resolved spontaneously with the progression of the condition. The second case, a 69-year-old patient with no comorbidities underwent rectal resection due to suspected malignant tumor, and progressed on the third postoperative day, with pain and bilateral low visual acuity secondary to acute angle-closure glaucoma, and branch retinal artery occlusion in right eye; treated with iridotomy and ocular hypotensive eye drops, with only slight recovery of vision. The article aims to discuss the etiological mechanisms of the reported conditions and present a literature review.

RESUMO Complicações oftalmológicas de cirurgias não oculares são raras, mas podem levar a condições irreversíveis de baixa acuidade visual. Em geral são associadas à cirurgia de coluna, coração ou pescoço, mas podem ocorrer após procedimentos em outros sistemas. As principais causas são neuropatias ópticas isquêmicas, oclusões vasculares, lesões corticais, e glaucoma agudo de ângulo fechado. Relatamos dois casos de baixa acuidade visual súbita, secundária a oclusões vasculares, após procedimentos cirúrgicos gastrointestinais. No primeiro caso, um paciente de 57 anos foi internado de forma eletiva para reconstrução do cólon após colostomia de Hartmann. Evoluiu com complicações nos períodos intra- e pós-operatório, e necessitou de outras cirurgias complementares. Um mês depois apresentou baixa acuidade visual bilateral súbita, indolor e não altitudinal, e foi diagnosticado como papiloflebite, com resolução espontânea na evolução. O segundo caso, uma paciente de 69 anos, sem comorbidades, foi submetida à ressecção do reto por suspeita de tumor maligno e, no terceiro dia de pós-operatório, evoluiu com dor e baixa acuidade visual bilateral, secundária a glaucoma agudo de ângulo fechado, e oclusão de ramo da artéria retiniana no olho direito; tratada com iridotomia e colírios hipotensores, com recuperação parcial da visão. O objetivo do artigo é discutir os mecanismos etiológicos das doenças relatadas, e apresentar uma revisão da literatura.

Causes of unplanned reoperation in pediatric patients undergoing elective digestive tract surgery and the prognosis / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the causes of unplanned reoperation in pediatric patients after elective digestive tract surgery and the prognosis.Methods:Medical records were reviewed from pediatric patients undergoing unplanned reoperation after elective digestive tract surgery at our department from Jan 2012 to Dec 2019. Primary diagnoses, procedures and levels of index surgeries, causes and procedures of unplanned reoperations, and patients' prognosis were analyzed.Results:There were 39 cases, and the primary diagnoses included biliary disease, anal and colorectal disease, and intestinal disease. There were 4 (10%) cases of level Ⅱ surgeries,and 35 (90%) cases of level Ⅲ&Ⅳ surgeries. The index surgical procedures included 19 (49%) biliary-intestinal procedures, 11 (28%) simple intestinal procedures, and 9 (23%) anal and colorectal procedures. The direct causes of unplanned reoperation included 10 (26%) anastomotic leakages, 8 (20%) adhesive intestinal obstructions, 5 (13%) postoperative intussusceptions, 5 (13%) incisional complications (infection, dehiscence and incisional hernia), 3 (8%) postoperative hemorrhages and 8 (20%) miscellaneous (iatrogenic injury and surgical misjudgment). Patients' prognosis included 24 (62%) full recoveries, 9 (23%) further operations, and 5 (13%) deaths, and 1 (3%) short bowel syndrome.Conclusions:Most pediatric unplanned reoperations after elective digestive tract surgery occur in complex surgical procedures. The most common causes of unplanned reoperation are anastomotic leakage, adhesive intestinal obstruction. Unplanned reoperations are often prone to adverse effects on prognosis.

Implicaciones genéticas y de la biología molecular en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer gástrico / Genetic and Molecular Biology Implications in the Surgical Treatment of Gastric Cancer

RESUMEN El cáncer gástrico es una de las principales causas de muerte por neoplasias en el mundo. Las guías de prácticas clínicas actuales ofrecen modelos de tratamiento que involucran a la cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia, inmunoterapia y terapia dirigida a receptores de crecimiento específicos, sin embargo, los aspectos genéticos y de la biología molecular no siempre son tenidos en cuenta en la práctica médica. El objetivo de la presente revisión es articular los aspectos actuales más relevantes de la genética y la biología molecular en relación con el cáncer gástrico, para integrarlos en las guías clínicas de pacientes y familiares con el diagnóstico o con riesgo de padecer este tipo de neoplasia. Para ello se revisaron los avances genéticos y los síndromes relacionados con el cáncer gástrico, clasificaciones moleculares e implicaciones en su manejo. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Google Scholar, Elsevier y PubMed en los últimos 10 años, seleccionándose los de mayor importancia a texto completo desde el punto de vista cualitativo. La integración de antecedentes personales y familiares con elementos genéticos precisan ser tenidos en cuenta en el manejo, diagnóstico y prevención de esta enfermedad. Se sugiere la inclusión de elementos genéticos y moleculares en toda guía de práctica clínica.

ABSTRACT Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death from neoplasms in the world. Current clinical practice guidelines offer treatment models that involve surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and therapy directed at specific growth receptors, however, genetic and molecular biology aspects are not always taken into account in medical practice. The objective of this review is to articulate the most relevant current aspects of genetics and molecular biology in relation to gastric cancer, to integrate them into the clinical guidelines of patients and relatives with the diagnosis or at risk of suffering from this type of neoplasia. For them, genetic advances and syndromes related to gastric cancer, molecular classifications and implications in their management were reviewed. The databases Google Scholar, Elsevier, and PubMed were used in the last 10 years, selecting the most important full-text from a qualitative point of view. The integration of personal and family history with genetic elements needs to be taken into account in the diagnostic management and prevention of this disease. The inclusion of genetic and molecular elements in all clinical practice guidelines is suggested.

Cirurgia robótica guiada por fluorescência com indocianina verde: aplicações, dicas e truques / Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in robotic surgery: state of art, tips and tricks in current applications

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Fluorescent imaging with indocyanine green is an emerging technology whose benefits are put in perspective. OBJECTIVE: This article reports essential principles and approaches of intraoperative fluorescence in general surgery bringing familiarity to its practical usage. Our group describes possible pitfalls and provides tips and tricks for training surgeons making their attempts easier and reproducible during practice. METHODS: This study overviews the most structured concepts, practical applications and its tricks in robotic fluorescence guided imaging surgery with indocyanine green. Possible pitfalls are emphasized and emerging fields of application are put in a perspective. RESULTS: Guided information and practical applications in several surgical fields are described for a safe and reproducible indocyanine green fluorescence imaging use. CONCLUSION: Robotic assisted surgery combined to fluorescence imaging technology represents a logical evolution in image guided surgery and technology familiarity with guided information may represent a wider and safer spectrum of use in surgeons' hands.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A imagem fluorescente com verde de indocianina (VI) é uma técnica cirúrgica emergente na cirurgia robótica. OBJETIVO: Este artigo relata princípios e abordagens essenciais da fluorescência intraoperatória para sua prática em cirurgia geral. Nosso grupo descreve possíveis armadilhas e apresenta dicas e truques para treinar cirurgiões, tornando o uso do VI reprodutível. MÉTODOS: Este estudo apresenta uma visão geral dos conceitos e aplicações práticas da imagem guiada por fluorescência com VI na cirurgia robótica. As possíveis armadilhas são enfatizadas e os campos de aplicação emergentes são colocados em perspectiva. RESULTADOS: Aplicações práticas em vários campos cirúrgicos são descritas para um uso seguro e reprodutível de imagens de fluorescência com VI. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia assistida por robótica combinada à tecnologia de imagem de fluorescência representa uma evolução lógica na cirurgia guiada por imagem e a familiaridade desta técnica pode representar um ganho da qualidade cirúrgica.

Non-inflammatory pancreatic cysts: from diagnosis to treatment (97 cases series) / Cistos não inflamatórios de pâncreas: do diagnóstico ao tratamento (série de 97 casos)

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the implications of the diagnosis and treatment of non-inflammatory pancreatic cysts in a series of patients. Methods: we included patients with pancreatic cysts ≥1.0 cm, excluding those with a presumptive diagnosis of a pseudocyst. Imaging tests, echoendoscopy, and histopathology determined the diagnosis of the type of cyst. We applied the guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology, with some modifications, in patients with mucinous or indeterminate lesions. Results: 97 adult patients participated in the study. A cystic neoplasm of the pancreas was diagnosed in 82.5% of cases. Diagnosis was mainly made by magnetic resonance (46% of cases). The two most common diagnoses were intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (43.3%) and serous cystadenoma (26%). Twenty-nine patients underwent surgery (33.3%). The most common surgical procedure was distal pancreatectomy associated with splenectomy in 19 cases (65.5%). Among the operated patients, 11 were diagnosed with cancer. None of the followed, non-operated patients had a diagnosis of cancer. Conclusions: magnetic resonance showed good accuracy, particularly in the diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. The guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology, as applied in this study, showed a negative predictive value for cancer of 100%. A development of better diagnostic tests can reduce the number of unnecessary operations.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as implicações do diagnóstico e tratamento dos cistos não inflamatórios do pâncreas em série de pacientes. Metódos: foram incluídos pacientes com cisto de pâncreas ≥1,0cm excluindo aqueles com diagnóstico presuntivo de pseudocisto. Exames de imagem, ecoendoscopia e anatomia-patológica determinaram o diagnóstico do tipo de cisto. As diretrizes da Associação Internacional de Pancreatologia foram aplicadas, com algumas modificações, nos pacientes com lesões mucinosas ou indeterminadas. Resultados: noventa e sete pacientes adultos participaram do estudo. A neoplasia cística de pâncreas foi diagnosticada em 82,5% dos casos. O diagnóstico foi feito principalmente por ressonância magnética (46% dos casos). Os dois diagnósticos mais frequentes foram a neoplasia papilar intraductal mucinosa (43,3%), e o cistoadenoma seroso (26%). Vinte e nove pacientes foram submetidos a operação (33,3%). O procedimento cirúrgico mais comum foi a pancreatectomia corpo-caudal associada à esplenectomia em 19 casos (65,5%). Entre os pacientes operados, 11 tiveram o diagnóstico de câncer. Nenhum dos pacientes seguidos teve o diagnóstico de câncer. Conclusões: a ressonância magnética apresentou boa acurácia, particularmente no diagnóstico da neoplasia papilar intraductal mucinosa. As diretrizes da Associação Internacional de Pancreatologia da forma que foram aplicadas no presente estudo, mostraram valor preditivo negativo para o câncer de 100%. O desenvolvimento de estratégias diagnósticas com melhor acurácia podem reduzir o número de cirurgias desnecessárias.

Treatment options for colorectal cancer primary lesions with unresectable metastases at risk of acute abdomen / 国际肿瘤学杂志

For patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, it is still controversial whether the primary tumor needs surgery when the metastasis is unresectable. The effect of palliative surgical resection of the primary lesion on improving the prognosis and prolonging survival is still uncertain while the risks of acute abdomen trigger the discussion of early palliative surgical resection of the primary tumor. Evaluating and predicting the risk of acute abdomen complicated by colorectal cancer will help to choose the treatment of the primary lesion of unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer.

Perforación del colon descendente por cuerpo extraño: presentación de un caso / Perforation of the descending colon by foreign body: a case presentation

RESUMEN Fundamento: las perforaciones intestinales por cuerpos extraños son una causa rara de abdomen agudo, pero representan una posibilidad diagnóstica que el médico no debe olvidar. Las zonas más afectadas son las regiones ileocecal y rectosigmoidea por su angulación. Objetivo: exponer un caso en el que se perforó el colon descendente por un fragmento de hueso proveniente de la vértebra del cerdo ingerido cuatro días antes por la paciente. Presentación del caso: paciente femenina de 42 años de edad la cual tiene el hábito de roer y deglutir los huesos de su dieta, comienza con dolor súbito en hemiabdomen inferior, a tipo cólico al inicio, donde se hace continuo y aumenta su intensidad, no irradiado y que se exacerbaba con los movimientos bruscos de la paciente y los golpes de tos. Por lo cual es intervenida por tratamiento quirúrgico donde se le encontró una perforación del colon descendente, se le realizó descendentectomía y colostomía tipo Hartman con buena evolución y alta hospitalaria a los nueve días. Conclusiones: los cuerpos extraños son una causa de perforación del colon que el médico no debe obviar, aunque su incidencia sea muy baja en la literatura, más cuando existe el antecedente de ingestión de huesos, como el caso presentado, el cuadro clínico característico de un síndrome peritoneal de origen perforativo y aunque no se encuentre signos radiológicos de neumoperitoneo no se debe descartar esta posibilidad. El tratamiento dependerá del lugar, tamaño, naturaleza y propiedades del cuerpo extraño y tiempo de transcurrida la perforación, además de la experiencia del cirujano.

ABSTRACT Background: intestinal perforations by foreign bodies are a rare cause of acute abdomen, but represent a diagnostic possibility that the doctor should not forget. The most affected areas are the ileocecal and rectosigmoid regions due to their angulation. Objective: to expose a case in which the descending colon was perforated by a bone fragment from the vertebra of the pig ingested 4 days before by the patient. Clinical case: a 42-year-old female patient who collects the habit of gnawing and swallowing the bones of her diet, begins with sudden pain in the lower hemiabdomen, at the colic type at the beginning, then becoming continuous and gradually increasing in intensity, not irradiated and exacerbated by the patient's sudden movements and coughing. Therefore, a perforation of the descending colon is surgically found, a descending and Hartman-type colostomy is performed, with good evolution and hospital discharge at 9 days. Conclusions: foreign bodies are a cause of perforation of the colon that the doctor should not ignore, although its incidence is very low in the literature, more, when there is a history of bone ingestion, as the case presented, the characteristic clinical picture of a peritoneal syndrome of perforation origin and although no radiological signs of pneumoperitoneum are found, this possibility should not be ruled out. The treatment will depend on the place, size, nature and properties of the foreign body and time of perforation, in addition to the experience of the surgeon.

Endoscopic evaluation of post-fundoplication anatomy and correlation with symptomatology / Avaliação endoscópica da anatomia após fundoplicatura e correlação com sintomatologia

ABSTRACT Background: Upper digestive endoscopy is important for the evaluation of patients submitted to fundoplication, especially to elucidate postoperative symptoms. However, endoscopic assessment of fundoplication anatomy and its complications is poorly standardized among endoscopists, which leads to inadequate agreement. Aim: To assess the frequency of postoperative abnormalities of fundoplication anatomy using a modified endoscopic classification and to correlate endoscopic findings with clinical symptoms. Method: This is a prospective observational study, conducted at a single center. Patients were submitted to a questionnaire for data collection. Endoscopic assessment of fundoplication was performed according to the classification in study, which considered four anatomical parameters including the gastroesophageal junction position in frontal view (above or at the level of the pressure zone); valve position at retroflex view (intra-abdominal or migrated); valve conformation (total, partial, disrupted or twisted) and paraesophageal hernia (present or absent). Results: One hundred patients submitted to fundoplication were evaluated, 51% male (mean age: 55.6 years). Forty-three percent reported postoperative symptoms. Endoscopic abnormalities of fundoplication anatomy were reported in 46% of patients. Gastroesophageal junction above the pressure zone (slipped fundoplication), and migrated fundoplication, were significantly correlated with the occurrence of postoperative symptoms. There was no correlation between symptoms and conformation of the fundoplication (total, partial or twisted). Conclusion: This modified endoscopic classification proposal of fundoplication anatomy is reproducible and seems to correlate with symptomatology. The most frequent abnormalities observed were slipped and migrated fundoplication, and both correlated with the presence of symptoms.

RESUMO Racional: A endoscopia digestiva alta é importante ferramenta para a avaliação de pacientes submetidos à fundoplicatura, principalmente para elucidar os sintomas pós-operatórios. Entretanto, a avaliação endoscópica da sua anatomia e complicações é atualmente pouco padronizada entre os endoscopistas, o que leva à disparidade de laudos e condutas. Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de anormalidades pós-operatórias da fundoplicatura através de uma classificação endoscópica e correlacionar os achados endoscópicos com os sintomas clínicos. Método: Este é estudo observacional prospectivo, realizado em um único centro. Os pacientes foram submetidos a um questionário para coleta de dados. A avaliação endoscópica da fundoplicatura foi realizada de acordo com a classificação em estudo, que considerou quatro parâmetros anatômicos, incluindo a posição da junção gastroesofágica em vista frontal (acima ou no nível da zona de pressão); posição da válvula na visão retroflexa (intra-abdominal ou migrada); conformação valvar (total, parcial, desgarrada ou torcida) e hérnia paraesofágica (presente ou ausente). Resultados: Foram avaliados 100 pacientes submetidos à fundoplicatura, 51% homens (idade média: 55,6 anos). Quarenta e três por cento relataram sintomas pós-operatórios. Anormalidades endoscópicas da anatomia da fundoplicatura foram relatadas em 46% dos pacientes. Junção gastroesofágica acima da zona de pressão (fundoplicatura deslizada) e fundoplicatura migrada foram significativamente correlacionadas com a ocorrência de sintomas pós-operatórios. Não houve correlação entre sintomas e conformação da fundoplicatura (total, parcial ou torcida). Conclusão: Essa classificação endoscópica modificada proposta para avaliar a anatomia da fundoplicatura é reprodutível e parece correlacionar-se com a sintomatologia. As anormalidades mais frequentes observadas foram fundoplicaturas migradas e deslizadas, e ambas se correlacionaram com a presença de sintomas.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la hemorragia digestiva alta por enfermedad de Dieulafoy / Surgical treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding dueto Dieulafoy disease

La enfermedad de Dieulafoy constituye menos del 2 % de las causas de hemorragia digestiva alta. Corresponde a la presencia de un vaso sanguíneo arterial de trayecto tortuoso, que protruye a través de un defecto mucoso localizado, generalmente, proximal en el estómago. Se presenta como una hematemesis masiva, a veces recu-rrente, con inestabilidad hemodinámica. La endoscopia es el método diagnóstico y terapéutico de elección. Si esta fracasa, está indicado practicar una angiografía selectiva que permita identificar el punto sangrante y producir un embolismo. En algunas ocasiones, ninguna de estas dos técnicas consigue detener la hemorragia, en cuyo caso está indicada una cirugía urgente. Se deben practicar resecciones gástricas limitadas (gastrectomías en cuña o tubulares) a la zona sangrante localizada mediante las pruebas anteriores; así, se evitan grandes gastrectomías que implican la práctica de anastomosis por el gran riesgo de dehiscencia que estas últimas cuando hay inestabilidad hemodinámica.Se presenta el caso de un paciente con hemorragia digestiva alta secundaria a enfermedad de Dieulafoy, que precisó intervención quirúrgica urgente por la imposibilidad de resolver el sangrado mediante endoscopia. Se describen el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Dieulafoy como causa de hemorragia digestiva alta en el adulto, y se presenta una revisión de la literatura científica

Dieulafoy's disease constitutes less than 2% of the causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It corresponds to the presence of a tortuous arterial blood vessel which protrudes through a localized mucosal defect, usually proximal in the stomach. It presents as a massive hematemesis, sometimes recurrent, with hemodynamic instability.Endoscopy is the diagnostic and therapeutic method of choice. If this fails, it is indicated to perform a selective angiography to identify the bleeding point and embolize it. In some cases, none of these two techniques manages to stop the bleeding, in which case urgent surgery is indicated. Limited gastric resections (wedge or tubular gastrectomies) should be performed to the bleeding area, thus avoiding large gastrectomies that involve anastomosis due to the high leak risk they have in hemodynamically unstable patients.We present the case of a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to Dieulafoy's disease, who required urgent surgical intervention due to the impossibility of resolving the bleeding endoscopically. The diagnosis and treatment of Dieulafoy's disease as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults are described and a review of the scientific literature is presented

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2020.03.030 / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical effect of surgery in the treatment of calcified hepatic cystic echinococcosis. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 16 patients with 20 calcified hepatic hydatid cysts who underwent surgical treatment (total pericystectomy, subtotal pericystectomy, and endocystectomy) in The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine from November 2015 to February 2019. ResultsOf all 16 patients, 1 underwent total pericystectomy, 5 underwent endocystectomy, and 10 underwent subtotal pericystectomy. One patient experienced bile leakage after surgery since the cyst ruptured and entered the bile duct and there was a biliary fistula in the outer wall of the cyst before surgery, and the other patients had no residual cavity complications including residual cavity effusion and infection, bile leakage, or jaundice. There was no death and recurrence after operation. ConclusionSurgical treatment is necessary for non-stationary calcified hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Total pericystectomy is not suitable, while subtotal pericystectomy may be the preferred surgical method, especially when the calcified hepatic hydatid cyst is located near the porta hepatis or the intrahepatic and extrahepatic vessels and there is no obvious lacunae between the adventitia and the outer cyst. Endocystectomy can be selected when hepatic hydatid cyst ruptures.

Challenges and countermeasures for diagnosis and treatment work in hepatobiliary surgery in the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia / 临床肝胆病杂志

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a severe and complicated situation. As of February 23, 2020, there have been more than 77,038 confirmed cases of new coronavirus infection nationwide. COVID-19 is highly infectious and has a long incubation period and a variety of clinical manifestations, which has a great impact on society and economy and also seriously affects the daily operation of hepatobiliary surgery. This article discusses and recommends the medical protection measures required for outpatient, ward, and operation of hepatobiliary surgery, in order to reduce the risk of nosocomial infection in hepatobiliary surgery during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial / Eficácia do bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia após colecistectomia laparoscópica: um estudo controlado randômico

Abstract Background and objectives: The primary aim of this study is to assess the effect of ultrasoung-guided erector spinae block on postoperative opioid consumption after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The secondary aims are to assess the effects of erector spinae plane block on intraoperative fentanyl need and postoperative pain scores. Methods: Patients between 18-70 years old, ASA I-II were included in the study and randomly allocated into two groups. In Group ESP, patients received bilateral US-ESP with 40 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine at the level of T7, while in Group Control, they received bilateral US-ESP with 40 ml of saline before the induction of anesthesia. Then a standard general anesthesia procedure was conducted in both groups. NRS scores at the postoperative 15th, 30th, 60th minutes, 12th and 24th hours, intraoperative fentanyl need and total postoperative tramadol consumption were recorded. Results: There were 21 patients in Group ESP and 20 patients in Group Control. Mean postoperative tramadol consumption was 100 ± 19.2 mg in Group ESP, while it was 143 ± 18.6 mg in Group Control (p < 0.001). The mean intraoperative fentanyl need was significantly lower in Group ESP (p = 0.022). NRS scores at the postoperative 15th, 30th min, 12th hour and 24th hour were significantly lower in ESP group (p < 0.05). According to repeated measures analysis, NRS score variation over time was significantly varied between two groups (F[1, 39] = 24.061, p < 0.0005). Conclusions: Bilateral US-ESP block provided significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption, intraoperative fentanyl need and postoperative pain scores of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom (US-ESP) sobre o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório após colecistectomia laparoscópica. Os objetivos secundários foram avaliar os efeitos do bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha sobre a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e nos escores de dor pós-operatória. Métodos: Pacientes entre 18 e 70 anos, ASA I-II, foram incluídos no estudo e alocados randomicamente em dois grupos. No Grupo ESP, os pacientes receberam o bloqueio bilateral US-ESP com 40 mL de bupivacaína a 0,25% no nível de T7, enquanto no Grupo Controle os pacientes receberam o bloqueio bilateral US-ESP com 40 mL de solução salina antes da indução da anestesia. Em seguida, um procedimento-padrão de anestesia geral foi feito em ambos os grupos. Os escores da NRS aos 15, 30 e 60 minutos e em 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório, a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e o consumo total de tramadol no pós-operatório foram registrados. Resultados: O grupo ESP foi constituído por 21 pacientes e o Grupo Controle por 20. O consumo médio de tramadol no pós-operatório foi de 100 ± 19,2 mg no Grupo ESP e de 143 ± 18,6 mg no grupo controle (p < 0,001). A necessidade média de fentanil no intraoperatório foi significativamente menor no grupo ESP (p = 0,022). Os escores da NRS aos 15, 30 e 60 minutos e em 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório foram significativamente menores no grupo ESP (p < 0,05). De acordo com a análise de medidas repetidas, a variação do escore NRS ao longo do tempo foi estatisticamente significativa entre dois grupos (F [1,39] = 24,061, p < 0,0005). Conclusões: O bloqueio bilateral US-ESP reduziu de forma significativa o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório, a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e os escores de dor no pós-operatório dos pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica.

Differences in the clinicopathological features of pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the dorsal pancreas and the ventral pancreas / 临床肝胆病杂志

The pancreas arises from the dorsal and ventral anlagen. The dorsal anlagen forms the cephalic part of the head of the pancreas, the neck of the pancreas, the body of the pancreas, and the tail of the pancreas, while the ventral anlagen forms the caudal part of the head of the pancreas and the uncinate process of the pancreas. There is a fusion plane between the dorsal pancreas and the ventral pancreas, which can be identified by immunohistochemical staining of pancreatic polypeptide. There are differences in local invasion, lymph node metastasis, neural invasion, and survival time between pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the dorsal pancreas and that arising from the ventral pancreas. This article reviews the differences in clinicopathological features between these two types of pancreatic head carcinoma.